The use of Non-Invasive Blood Pressure measurement devices to Essay

The use of Non-Invasive Blood Pressure measurement devices to accurately measure irregular heart rhythms - Essay Example The impulse for evidence-based practice is fuelled by pressures from the tax payer and the healthcare facilities who strive for lesser costs, improved access to information and better understanding of treatment and care options among the clients. Rycroft-Malone et al. (2004) defined evidence-based practice as the provision of clinical practice with the aid of the best possible evidence available. Evidence-based practice promotes change in the education/learning of nursing students that encourages them to indulge more on research that is relevant to the practice and encourages a collaborative partnership with clinicians. According to Dougherty and Lister (2011), it is vital to have a wide knowledge about the different forms of evidence that relate to the daily encounters of nurses in clinical practice. The aim of the study is to investigate evidence of the difference in the accuracy of using automated and manual blood pressure measurement device on patients with irregular heartbeats in a bid to determine the better method of obtaining the readings. A literature search was accomplished using electronic databases such as Science Direct and by hand searching. Key words included in the search included: Blood Pressure, measurements, accuracy and BP measurement devices. Undesired articles were filtered by limiting the search to articles published after the year 2000 to date to ensure that they were recent. The search was further limited to adult patients since the study involved only the adult patients. The search included both male and female patients since the study was not influenced by the sex of the patient as key terms. After a systematic research, a number of relevant literatures was obtained. 6 articles from the search were found to be relevant.

The role of ghrelins Essay Example for Free

The role of ghrelins Essay Ghrelin is a general name for a class of hormones found in the gastrointestinal tract of vertebrates. It is a preprohormone containing a chain of 28 amino acid peptides. During synthesis, a modification arises whereas n-octanoic acid is bound to one of its amino acids. This makes it capable of playing its biological role. Ghrelins are synthesized at the fundus lining the stomach. It is primarily produced by epithelial cells lining the fundus. However, smaller amounts have also been detected in the kidneys, placenta, hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. (Brown, 2006) The ghrelin receptor was known before the discovery of ghrelin. It is located in the anterior pituitary and stimulates secretion of growth hormone when activated. It was named GHS-R or growth hormone secretagoue receptor. In 1999, Kojima et al. announced that they have discovered the natural ligand for GHS-R.   They named it ghrelin, deriving it form the word â€Å"ghre† which means grow in Proto-Indo-European languages. They obtained it from rat stomach and investigated its role in pituitary growth hormone and energy homeostasis functions. (Kojima Kangawa, 2004) Roles of ghrelin Ghrelin is the ligand of GHS-r. Its signal together with that of semostatin and other growth hormone inducers control the timing as well as the magnitude of growth hormone excretion. It is suggested that the stomach releases ghrelin into the bloodstream, where it is conveyed to the potiuitary gland, triggering the release of growth hormone. Kanagawa et al. found significant amounts of ghrelin in healthy people.(Kojima et al., 1999) In 2000, Ezio Ghigo et al. discovered that ghrelin injections led to prolonged increase of growth hormone concentrations in the blood. (Dickson, 1999)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ghrelin   also seems to stimulate appetite. Lab tests in rats show ann increase in body weight after ghrelin injections. This effect is independent of ghrelin’s role in GH stimulation. In people, a popular side effect of taking ghrelin containing drugs was the sensation of intense hunger. About 80% of test participants in a study to test ghrelins growth hormone functions also suffered an increase of appetite. It was found that ghrelin concentration in the blood increases as a person grows hungry and decreases as that person’s hunger is sated.   Another study showed that people injected with ghrelin before meals increased their food intake by 30%. (Cummings et al., 2002) Another study also showed that resting   ghrelin levels rise as net body weight decreases and returns once a set point is reached. This means that the body regulates ghrelin levels based on a specific body weight attainment, making you hungrier as you lose more weight. Persons with anorexia nervosa, a disorder in which people starve themselves show extremely high amounts of ghrelin. But it seems in their cases, their body does not listen. (Travis, 2002)The increase of ghrelins is also related to time as discovered by Yildiz et al. An increase in ghrelin was noted between midnight to dawn, mhowever, hunger is suppressed by other hormones, making it easier to fall asleep and eat in the morning after.(Yildiz, Suchard, Wong, McCann, Licinio, 2004)Alos, lack of sleep particularly in obese persons lead to production of ghrelin and less production of leptin, the hormone which suppresses appetite. Ghrelin levels also decrease dramatically with the conduction of gastric bypass surgery. Animal research has also discovered that ghrelin may enhance memory and learning as it enters the hippocampus via the bloodstream. High ghrelin levels, particularly before meals when the stomach is empty may be the time most conducive to learning. (Philips, 2006) REFERENCES Brown, R. (2006). Ghrelin.  Ã‚   Retrieved March 11, 2007, from http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/gi/ghrelin.html Cummings, D., Weigle, D., Frayo, R., Breen, P., Ma, M., Dellinger, E., et al. (2002). Plasma Ghrelin Levels after Diet-Induced Weight Loss or Gastric Bypass Surgery. New England Journal of Medicine(346), 1623-1630. Dickson, S. L. (1999). Ghrelin: A newly discovered hormone  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   [Electronic Version]. British Society for Neuroenterology from http://neuroendo.org.uk/index.php/content/view/26/11/. Kojima, M., Hosoda, H., Date, Y., Nakazato, M., Matsuo, H., Kangawa, K. (1999). Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature 402, 656-660 (402), 656-660. Kojima, M., Kangawa, K. (2004). Ghrelin: Structure and Function   [Electronic Version]. Physiological Review, 85, 495-522. Retrieved March 11 2007. Philips, M. L. (2006). Hunger hormone tied to learning [Electronic Version]. The Scientist. Retrieved March 11 2007 from http://www.the-scientist.com/news/display/23132/. Travis, J. (2002). The Hunger Hormone? [Electronic Version]. Science News Online, 161, 107. Retrieved March 11 2007 from http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020216/bob10.asp. Yildiz, B. O., Suchard, M. A., Wong, M.-L., McCann, S. M., Licinio, J. (2004). Alterations in the dynamics of circulating ghrelin, adiponectin, and leptin in human obesity [Electronic Version]. Medical Sciences. Retrieved March 11 2007 from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=478601.

Dayan During His Military Career History Essay

Dayan During His Military Career History Essay 1. Moshe Dayan was a well-known Israeli military leader and politician. He was born in May 1915 in Degania near the Sea of Galilee in Palestine which was a part of the Ottoman Empire. Dayan was the youngest son of Shmuel and Dvorah. With the beginning of his life Dayan joined Haganah the Jewish military organisation against Arab attacks when he was 14. He joined the Palestine Supernumerary Police in 1938 and became sergeant then he was imprisoned by British in Acre  prison in 1939 with another forty two of his subordinates due to maintaining quantity of illegal rifles. They were released in 1941 after Chaim Weizmanns (first President of Israel) investigation in London then he joined British Army as an officer. During World War II in Syria-Lebanon Campaign Dayan was wounded and he lost his left eye due to a rifle shot fired by a sniper from quite a few hundred yards away, due to the nature of wound he could not use artificial eye. Thereafter he dressed in a black eye patch. 2. Key appointments of Dayan during his military career were, Haganah  General Staff working on Arab affairs. The first Commander of the  89th Armoured Battalion. Military Commander of Jewish controlled areas in  Jerusalem. October 1949 he was promoted to the rank of Major General and appointed as the Commander Southern Command. In 1952 he was appointed to the Operational Commander of the Northern Command. Head of Operations General Branch. Appointed as Chief of Staff in December 1953. 3. Key appointments of Dayan during his political career were: Minister of Agriculture. Minister of Defense.   Foreign Minister. 4. During the period of Minister of Defence Dayan conducted several major operations. They were Six Day War in 1967 and Yom Kippur War in 1973. 5. Then as the Foreign Minister he was the key person to implement the  Camp David Accords, a peace agreement with Egypt. 6.   In 1981 Dayan formed a new political party called  Telem. During the 1981 election Telem party won two seats but countrys greatest military and political leader, Israels legacy or legendary hero closed his eye shortly due to a serious heart attack In Tel Aviv. AIM 7. The aim of this presentation is to study and analysis leadership qualities of Moshe Dayan the legendary hero of Israel. SEQUENCE 8. This presentation unfolds under following sequence. Military career. Political career. Leadership qualities. Comparison with his Counterparts Conclusion. MILITARY CAREER 9. When he was only 14 years old, Dayan joined the  Haganah, an underground organization that defended Jewish settlements from Arab attacks. In 1936, Sergeant Dayan served with several regiments when the British in charge of Palestine authorized an attachment of the Haganah. Dayan gained command of one of the Mobile Guards of the Jewish Settlement Police in 1937. By 1938, he had risen to be an instructor, training Sergeant for the Auxiliary Force. During the riots in 1936 to 1939,  he served with the special police force in the Jezreel Valley and Galilee. 10. When the British banned the  Haganah in 1939, Dayan was arrested and imprisoned for two years. Upon his release in 1941, Dayan joined the British army, where he served with the forces that liberated Lebanon and Syria from Vichy France during World War II. Dayan was wounded in battle in Lebanon and lost his left eye. He began to wear the black eye patch that later became his identity. He remained active in the  Haganah until 1948. 11. War of independence  began when he commanded the defense of Jewish settlements in the Jordan Valley as a major in 1948. Later he commanded the battalion that attacked the city of Lydda and helped to halt Egyptian forces on the southern front. In August 1948, he promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel and he was appointed commander of the Jerusalem  front. In 1949, he participated in ceasefire  talks with Jordanian officials in Rhodes. By the conclusion of the conflict in 1949, Dayan wore the rank of Major General and became in charge of the Southern Command at Beersheba. Dayans military proficiency allowed him to rise to the appointment of chief of operations at General Headquarters in 1952. 12. During the post war years, Dayan pioneered to organize a professional Israeli Defence Force (IDF) in 1953 and he became the Chief of Staff of the IDF. In 1956, during the Sinai campaign Dayan defeated the Egyptians in eight short days. In Israel and around the world, the Black Eye Patched General became the symbol of Jewish military proficiency. 13. Dayans skills in training and his aggressiveness and flexibility on the battlefield made the IDF one of the worlds most efficient and effective fighting forces of all time. In 1958, Moshe Dayan retired from the Army. WITH BRITISH ARMY 14. During his tenure with British army, he served with the forces that liberated Lebanon and Syria from Vichy France during World War II. He practiced the experience he gains from the past especially the guerrilla tactics. Later he cooperated with British Intelligence to set up a broadcasting network for clandestine operations behind enemy lines. That demonstrated his capability on the intelligent aspect which he gained confidence on his command in future. BATTLE OF LYDDA 15. In 1948 when he commanded the 89th armoured battalion that attacked the city of Lydda and helped to halt Egyptian forces on the southern front when he was Lieutenant Colonel. Afternoon of 11 July, Israels moved into Lydda. The raid was carried out on Dayans initiative without coordinating it with his commander. Using a column of jeeps led by a Marmon Harrington armored vehicle with a cannon taken from the Arab Legion the day before he launched the attack in daylight,  driving through the town from east to west machine gunning anything that moved, then along the Lydda-Ramle road firing at militia posts until they reached the train station in Ramle. Troops faced heavy fire from the Arab Legion in the police stations in Lydda and on the Lydda-Ramle road. 16. The raid lasted 47 minutes, leaving 100 to 150 Arabs dead. Six died and 21 were wounded on the Israeli side. The high casualty rate was caused by confusion over which Dayans troops were. The IDF was led by an armored car seized from the Arab Legion. Residents may have believed the Arab Legion had arrived, only to encounter Dayans forces shooting at everything as they ran from their homes. Dayan shows his leadership qualities of courage and initiative during this campaign. CEASEFIRE TALKS WITH JORDAN 17. In 1949, he participated in ceasefire  talks with Jordanian officials at Rhodes. Dayan served on a commission held in Rhodes which had assembled to try to work out a settlement between the Jewish and the Arabs. Between 1949 and 1950, he held secret talks with King Abdullah of Jordan. The King was one of the most influential Arabs in the region and his input and support was vital if the area was to become peaceful as opposed to a hotbed of Malcontents. However, at these meetings, Dayan proved to be a tough negotiator and refused to compromise. As a result, nothing came out of these meetings that would lead to stability in the Middle East. AS THE CHIEF OF STAFF 18. Dayan became the Chief of Staff of the IDF, and the entire Israeli military began to take on his personality. Dayan carried out a major reorganization of the Israeli army, which included: a. Raising the Intelligence and Training Branches of the Israeli Army. b. Surrendering the activities of stores and procurement to the civilian Ministry of Defense. c. Revamping the mobilization scheme and ensuring earmarking for adequate equipment. d. Starting a military academy for officers of the rank of major and above. e. Emphasized strike forces (Air Force, Armour) and on training of Commando battalions. f. Developed a youth wing for military training. 19. This is where he highlighted his great qualities of leadership of sound knowledge, planning capability and organizing ability. SINAI CAMPAIGN 20. Israeli units parachuted into the eastern approaches of the Mitla Pass near the Suez Canal on 29 October 1956. It was a political objective rather than tactical or strategic objective. The action provided the pretext for a French and British ultimatum to Israel and Egypt, calling on both sides to cease hostilities and withdraw from the Canal area. For diversionary reasons, Israeli forces also advanced on southern and central axes. 21. The following day, October 30, Britain and France issued the planned ultimatum, but to no effect, as heavy fighting between Egyptian and Israeli units persisted. In a swift, sweeping operation of 100 hours, under the leadership of then Chief of the General Staff, Moshe Dayan, the entire Sinai peninsula fell into Israeli hands, at a cost of 231 soldiers killed. In this stage he practiced his initiative much more comprehensive manner as a real leader who took decision past where opponent never had a chance to reflect. 22. In Israel and around the world, the Black Eye Patched General became the symbol of Jewish military proficiency. As a custom, Dayan disliked on anything not directly related to combat readiness. He emphasized weapons marksmanship, advantages of use of terrain, and an overall aggressiveness. POLITICAL CAREER 23. The world of politics and government was not strange to Moshe Dayan because as chief of staff he carried parliamentary responsibilities for conduct of military affairs in large capacity. At the end of his term as chief of staff he shed off uniform and joined at the Hebrew university of Jerusalem as a student in the political science faculty for period of two year. It was helped him to make better foundation to approach political field in perfect way. With that foundation he joined Israel`s labor party and elected and joined as a prestige member of Knesset (parliament) for Mapai area on 3 November 1959. AS AGRICULTURAL MINISTER 24. Dayan was appointed as minister of agriculture in the government of David Ben Gurion from 1959 unit 1964. This subject was not new field to him because he born and brought up in a farming atmosphere field. The orchard, the cowshed, the season of planting and harvesting were deeply infused in his blood more than tanks, guns and fighting. With his inherent experience he was able to identify problems which were faced in the agriculture field. He found that farmers faced financial difficulties and technical problems due to low prices for products, high production cost and financial difficulties to buy new tool and machineries. He analysed and identified agriculture systems of other counties. By analyzing, he was able to establish a planning authority, production and marketing council for each branch of agriculture. He made regional offices throughout the country where local farmers could receive agriculture guidance and services. AS MINISTER OF DEFENCE 25. Dayans reputation as an effective leader grew when he was appointed Minister of Defense under Levi Eshkol just in time for the Six-Day War in 1967 against Egypt, Jordan and Syria. During Yom Kippur war his actions was critically condemned by people of Israel due to huge frailer of Israel military force. The nations lack of preparation was blamed on Defense Minister Dayan and an outraged public demanded his resignation. This was caused him to give resignation to Meir in 1974 and he left his appointment. SIX DAY WAR IN 1967 26. The Six-Day War was initiated by  General Moshe Dayan as the Israelis Defence Minister. Although General Dayan did not take part in most of the planning before the Six-Day War of June 1967, his appointment contributed to the Israeli success. When the Syrians were shelling Israeli villages in Upper Galilee, Dayan was the one who made the decision to launch a full-scale attack against the Syrians. Rather than wait to be attacked, the Israelis launched a hugely successful military campaign against its perceived enemies. The air forces of Egypt, Jordan, Syria and Iraq were all destroyed in fifth June. By seventh of June, many Egyptian tanks had been destroyed in the Sinai Desert and Israeli forces reached the Suez Canal. On the same day, the whole of the west bank of the Jordan River had been cleared of Jordanian forces. The Golan Heights were captured from Syria and Israeli forces moved 30 miles into Syria itself. YOM KIPPUR WAR 1973 27. Egyptian President Anwar Sadat launched a surprise attack against Israel. On Yom Kippur, October 6, 1973, Egyptian armies crossed the Suez Canal, moved anti-aircraft missiles into the canal area, and waged war on Israel. Israeli losses were high and Israel had too short a supply of equipment to conduct a prolonged war. 28. On October 22, a cease-fire was declared, but the Israeli publics confidence had been severely shaken. Israel had been unprepared for the surprise attack and unable to repulse it quickly. The president of the Supreme Court set up a commission to investigate the performance of generals during the war. The commission recommended the resignation of the Chief of Staff, but reserved judgment on Dayan. The press and the public, however, condemned him. After attending a military funeral at which bereaved parents had called him a murderer of their sons, Dayan submitted his resignation to Meir in 1974. AS FOREIGN MINISTER 29. Year 1977, newly elected Prime Minister Menachem Begin gave him a second chance by offering him the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs. Although Dayan was from the opposition Labor Party, he accepted the appointment because he believed, I could significantly influence Israel`s moves towards achieving a peace arrangement with our neighboring Arab States and with the Palestinian inhabitants of Judea, Samaria and Gaza Strip. 30. In May 1977, Dayan began negotiating with the Egyptians. As lead negotiator, Dayan began with the premise of receiving an Arab acceptance of Israeli rule over Judea, Samaria and Gaza, in exchange for a return of Sinai to Egypt. He negotiated for 18 months, and held secret meetings with officials in India, Iran, England and Morocco. 31. With help from U.S. president and mediator Jimmy Carter, Dayan met with the Egyptians first at Leeds Castle and later at Camp David. Eventually, a peace agreement, the Camp David Accords, was drawn up and signed at 11 p.m. on Sunday September 17, 1978 32. In 1979, Dayan resigned as Foreign Minister. Dayan and Begin disagreed about the building of settlements in the territories and Dayan was frustrated by the fact that he was not leading the autonomy talks with the Palestinians. Dayan also felt that he was increasingly being bypassed on foreign policy issues. In 1981, he formed the Telem party, which advocated unilateral disengagement from the territories occupied in 1967. The party received only two mandates in the subsequent elections. LEADERSHIP QUALITIES INITIATIVE 33. Six day war against Egypt, Jordan and Syria is shows Moshe Dayans initiative significantly. When Syrians were shelling Israeli villages Dayan took the initiative to launch a full scale attack against Syrians. He was able to make it successful within very short time, giving deterrence to the Arab countries. It had highlighted the Moshe Dayans initiative and decision taking ability as an effective military leader. KNOWLEDGE 34. Moshe Dayan was a commander who had a fantastic knowledge about own and enemy. He had studied science at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. He possessed perfect knowledge on his job all the time. Almost immediately the independence of Israel, the new state was attacked by a coalition of neighboring Arab states. Dayan put into practice his knowledge and what he had learnt fighting in World War II. 36. As Minister of Agriculture, he toured with the same zeal that he had as Defence Minister, resorting more to seeing to the implementation of his instruction rather than being confined to an office. Though the Prime Minister and the Cabinet were not too keen on using the expertise of Dayan, they were however forced by the mass to emplace him as the Defence Minister, due to his extensive knowledge on the subject. 37. Dayan was an asset to the Israeli Higher Command as he could discuss operational matters with them at their level and offer practical options. He stressed on the development of the intellectual standards of the officer corps of the IDF and took steps to provide them with a University Education on government expenses. COURAGE 38. His sense of proximity to death explains leading aspects of his character. Further his courage on battle field has been proven as the Chief of Staff. Within five years, from 1948 to 1953 he climbed up to Chief of Staff from the battalion commander. He believed that the appointment means causing the general staff to become revolutionary. When he took up Israel Army in 1951 it was fed up after the failure of Tel Aviv against Syrian Army. He shook up it and changed in to an aggressive army with his commencement of Chief of Staff. 39. Moshe Dayan saw no need for American guarantees of Israels security and strongly opposed Americas conditions, that Israel forswears territorial expansion and military retaliation. In an informal talk with the ambassadors to Washington, London, and Paris, Dayan described military retaliation as a life drug to the Israel Army. First, it obliged the Arab governments to take drastic measures to protect their borders. Second, and this was the essence, it enabled the Israeli government to maintain a high degree of tension in the country and Army. ENTHUSIASM 40. As a young man he was a guard in the village fields, later joined the Haganah. Dayan was arrested in 1939, together with 42 of his friends, for participating in an illegal Haganah commanders course, and was sentenced to ten years imprisonment. Released in 1941, he joined a British Army unit lost an eye in a battle with Vichy forces in Syria. With all those incidents his enthusiasm took him to long way as an exemplary military leader. SELF-CONFIDENCE 41. He suffered heavy criticism for not being prepared for the Arab attack during the Yom Kippur War in October 1973, Dayan became a controversial figure in Israel Although elected to the Ninth Knesset as a Lobour party member, he served as Foreign Minister in the beginning of the government until 1980-1981 elections he formed a new party, Telem, and represented it in the Tenth Knesset. Many Israelis regarded Dayan as their countrys greatest military and political leader. ABILITY TO COMMUNICATE 42. During the crisis preceding the Six Day War Dayan was appointed as Minister of Defense. After successfully conducting the War, Dayan administered the territories occupied by the Israel Army. He conducted a policy of liberal military government, opening the borders to trade and travel between the occupied territories and Arab countries. OTHER SKILLS 43. Dayan was the most fascinating and born leader who enjoyed more power during his leadership experience in both military and political. Although no one question about his overuse of power since he introduce totally new mechanism in military campaign as well in political campaign which helped to develop and ensure the security within the Middle East. Besides it has been helped by his capability of well handling of language which able to negotiate his modernizing ideas with the audience. 44. 1958 he was the Commander-in-Chief of the Israel Army. He successfully commanded the Israel forces throughout the Sinai Campaign of 1956. And also the entire Israeli military began to take on his personality. Dayan carried out a major reorganization of the Israeli army; this is where he highlighted his great qualities of leadership of sound knowledge, planning capability and as an organizer. Dayan ended his Army service in 1958 and in the fall of 1959 was elected to the Knesset as a member of the Mapai party, and became Minister of Agriculture. COMPARISON WITH HIS COUNTERPARTS EVENTS MOSHE DAYAN GAMAL ABDEL NASSER ANWAR SADAT HAFEZ AL-ASSAD Early life Enthusiasm and gain much experience which lead to become a strong leader Auare knowledge not the experience Aqure knowledge Gain profeciency and decentcy which help to become a peaseful leader Military carrier Courage and enthusiasm Gain courage in revolution 1952 Gain courage in revolution 1952 Proficiency in Air force carrier As the Chief of Staff Knowledge, modernizer and originator, Pride-Command Minister of Defence Initiative, planner Cooperation with Gamal, Knowledge As political leader Knowledge Knowledge and courage during Suez crisis 1956, modernizer in politics Initiative, peace negotiator Cunning, Knowledge Six day War Initiative, planner Failure in Initiative and assessing Failure in assessing Yom Kippur war Self-confidence, loss of Initiative Initiative, Enthusiasm 45. Moshe Dayan was an Israeli military warrior and politician who became a supporter for peace too. He was skilled in not only battle but also diplomacy. He played a key role in four wars and also helped to negotiate the historic Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty. Gamal Abdel Nasser was the president of Egypt in the same era as opponent of Dayan. He took the power over Egypt by revolution and became president. He was the only one leader in the region to go against western countries over the Suez crisis in 1956. Anwar Sadat came to power in Egypt with the death of Gamal in1970 who supported Gamal to come in to power. Hafez al-Assad was the president in Syria in that era and he was respect the peace negotiations rather than utilizes force to solve the Meddle-east crisis. KNOWLEDGE 46. Moshe Dayan as a commander had a sound knowledge about own and enemy. He possessed perfect knowledge of his job too. He gains that knowledge from his carrier from the childhood, when he joined with Haganah and from rest of carrier up to became officer in the Army. Then he exercised that knowledge during his period of Chief of staff, where he renovated the IDF and also as an Agriculture Minister where he introduced a new mechanism which help farmers to reach supervises closely for the advices. 47. When we consider the other counterparts, they were also had the same experience in their young life exempt Hafez, where they too able to acquire much knowledge. Gamal and Sadat both were worked in the Egypt Army together and had many experience their career. Latter they were utilized their possessed knowledge to become state leaders. Thereafter Gamal made many changes to economy in Egypt which country had lead towards development. MODERNIZER AND ORIGINATOR 48. Dayan was the most fascinating and origin leader who enjoyed more power during his leadership experience in both military and political career compared to other three leaders. He was always to introduce creative assets in any professional where he command or served without any reluctant. Although, Gamal Abdel Nasser was practice the quality of modernization during his period of presidency to develop the economic aspect in Egypt. COURAGE AND ENTHUSIASM 49. Dayan was the most courageous leader in that era in the region of middle-east. He proved that during his military carrier while he was conducting the operation Lidda and during Sinai campaign. And also as a Defence Minister during Six-day war. The following quotes which Dayan expresses clearly demonstrated his courage over the region: Let us not be afraid to see the hatred that consumes the lives of hundreds of thousands of Arabs who sit around us and wait for the moment when their hands will be able to reach our blood. 50. Gamal and Sadat too had quality of courage where they demonstrated during their revolution to become to power in Egypt. Although that, Hafez Al-Assad not showed much this quality during his carrier because he always respected the proficiency which lead to take peace rather than war in his life. SELF-CONFIDENCE AND INITIATIVE 51. The most powerful leadership quality possessed by Moshe Dayan in his career. While he was performing in military, he always practice this quality even his higher authority disparate. It was significantly demonstrated in Six-day war against Egypt, Syria and Jordan defeating other leaders initiative and assessing capabilities. Gamal and Sadat too possessed with the initiative which they collected from military carrier. Then they took it to practice during their revolution against the government existed in 1952. Compared to all above three leaders, Hafez had less experience on this aspect. PRIDE IN COMMAND 52. This is the leadership quality which Dayan was able to attract the most of the people in the region towards him. And also entire Army also followed him as role model. Comparing to Moshe Dayan other three leader never had this quality in their carrier. The following quote also emphasis his pride over command which he practiced throughout his life. Our American friends offer us money, arms, and advice. We take the money, we take the arms, and we decline the advice.   COMPARISION WITHIN THE COUNTRY AS A POLITICAL LEADER 53. Not only as a military leader but also as a political leader he succeeded. While he was performing as a Minister of Agriculture, introduce a new mechanism to enhance the field of agriculture in the Israel: establish a planning authority, production and marketing council for each branch of agriculture. He made regional offices throughout the country where local farmers could receive agriculture guidance and services. This was where he saws his sound leadership qualities in out of military scenario where he proved that leaders are always created by the military. 54. Comparatively to former agricultural ministers such as Kadish luz (1955-1959), Peretez Naftali (1952-1955), Levi Eshkol (1951-1952), who served in Israel, Moshe Dayan made brilliant magnificent contribution to enhance agriculture development during his period as agriculture minister. His experience, brilliant leader ship qualities and vast knowledge about the field paved way for systematical improvement in various field of agriculture. 55. Once he was given another chance by Menachem Begin to undertake as Foreign Minister, he commence his work believing that he could significantly influence Israels moves towards achieving a peace arrangement with their neighboring Arab States and with the Palestinian inhabitants of Judea and Samaria and the Gaza Strip. During this period he was able to get all other counter pert to the peace table and he could make others to think twice prior to take a decision against Israel. And it paved way for disparities in between his Arab opponents. 56. That differentiated the leadership qualities of Moshe Dayan from other contemporary leaders within the country and even from the region was significant. CONCLUSION 57. Moshe Dayan who was born to the world on May 20, 1915 where is not having a piece of land even nationality for his people, he was able to build a country called Israel, piece by piece. He gave a county to people who did not have country. He gave a nationality to people who fought for their identity. Moshe Dayan became one of Israels most famous men and found fame as a military leader associated with victories that were seemingly impossible within the  Middle East  conflicts. Dayan developed the aura of a military superman. 58. Throughout Moshe Dayans life as an Israel military and political leader number of leadership qualities can be identified and proved himself to nation long way from creating country for Jews even didnt had piece of land on their own. His courage, determination, knowledge, self confidence, enthusiasm, will power, integrity, loyalty, approachability build a country within another country, gave recognition to the nation Jews state Israel. Moshe Dayan was a good diplomat who believed peace, a hugely successful military leader who developed a legendary status. But he never forgot his ambition, once he stated his view on USA: Our American friends offer us money, arms, and advice. We take the money, we take the arms, and we decline the advice.   59. Dayans never forgot his nation, his country when liberating land from Arabs. He never forgot other nations in the world with keeping national strategy. Dayans career is probably unequalled in Israels short history. He successfully crossed over to politics and held a number of highly influential government posts before he left politics. Senior military figures had tried to do the same move from the military to politics but many have failed. 60. Moshe Dayan was a leader who is a leader of the sense of the word. He possessed several qualities through his whole life as one of the greatest leader in the history who became a legend in his own life time. He loved his enemy too. He always gave his warm hand for peace but with an eagle eye. On 16 October 1981 this great leader General Moshe Dayan left the world to Shamayim (heaven) in Tel Aviv.

Emerging Trends Essays -- Transportation, Electric Vehicles

Many people have the idea that HEVs and electric vehicles are recent phenomenon. But the history of HEVs goes way back. According to Rahman (2008), the production of HEVs dates back to the early 1900s, when Ferdinand Porsche from Lohner Coach Factory developed the Mixte, which was a 4WD series-hybrid version of "System Lohner-Porsche". In order to extend operating range, the vehicle included two generators driven by 2.5-hp Daimler IC engines enabling it to cover almost 65 km on battery alone. It had a top speed of 50 km/h and a power of 5.22 kW during 20 minutes. Since then there has been various attempts by many other innovators to come up with a mass product of hybrid vehicle although there was no study that shows the demand for the products. A more recent working prototype of the Hybrid electric vehicle was built by Victor Wouk, who worked on HEVs for decades in the 60’s and 70’s. His innovative work earned him the title as the "Godfather of the Hybrid"(Woku & Goodstein, 2004). His major work that was considered innovative was the installation of a prototype hybrid drive train of a 16 kilowatts (21 hp) electric motor into a 1972Buick Skylark and was part of the United States Environmental Protection Agency Federal Clean Car Incentive Program that continued till 1976. The involvement of the United States government in the quest for the development and use of fuel efficient vehicles is an important part of HEVs history and development in USA. Several programs and initiatives were launched at different times. An important program that played a role in the history of HEVs in the United States was initiated in early 1990s. On a Congressional Research Service (CRS) report to congress, Sissine (1996) presented that on 29 September... ...U.S. market and U.S. companies have been globalized as well. The big Japanese car manufacturers, Honda and Toyota, entered the U.S. market in early 1980’s. Ever since, they have witnessed the growth of their market share while the ‘big three’ faced declining shares. Bradley et al. (2005) argued that the variation between rivals in terms of cultures and related philosophies has intensified rivalry in the industry. This rivalry is more intensified by high fixed costs associated with manufacturing and the low switching costs for consumers to buy different brand or model (Bradley et al., 2005, p.3). Rivalry and competition within the industry in the U.S. is becoming concentrated. The industry in the U.S. is no longer dominated by the Big 3. In the field of HEVs, the upper hand is hold by Toyota to a large extent followed by other international and local manufacturers.

Determinants of Satisfaction on Smartphones Among Students (Malaysia)

A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS BY EMMANUEL PANPALAN RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF DEGREE OF BA (HONS) ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE LEVEL 6/ YEAR 3 IN TEESSIDE UNIVERSITY & SEGI UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA 14 DECEMBER 2012 TEESSIDE UNIVERSITY BUSINESS SCHOOL A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES PROJECT REPORT CERTIFICATION 1. I confirm that the work in this Project Report is original and has been carried out by me as part of my programme of study. 2.I confirm that all secondary material has been properly acknowledged by me and referenced in this work. Signed:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Name: EMMANUEL A/L PANPALAN Date: 14th December 2012 Course: B. A. (HONS) IN ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE 2 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS ACKNOWLEGDEMENT Thank you is a very small word compare to the support that I get for completing this research paper. Firstly, I would like to thank Ms. Hung Mun Siew for un-dividing time, advices, comments and encouragements which really a booster to perform well. God bless her works.Secondly, I would like to convey my gratitude to my parents for being there and providing Love, resource, space, necessity and moral support at needed times. Thirdly, I would like to convey my gratitude to my friends who are there for me, who I can call at any time for their advice for fulfilling this paper. Fourthly, to all respondents for my survey, thank you for helping me through responding to the survey that been distributed. Lastly, to the Almighty God who had given me this opportunity to fulfill this task. -Merci Beacoup- 3 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTSABSTRACT Smart phones usage and sales have bomb overnight. Smart phones are expected to be as influential as it will be seen as necessity rather than luxury. There are few advantages of smart phones one of it is wireless internet, interactivity, mobility and flexibility, furthermore, facilitates the potential adoption of new mobile applications. Therefore, it is necessary to know the behavior of users and the possibility of user to satisfy with their smart phones. The purpose of this study is to find out what really drives satisfaction which is usefulness, understandability, ease of use and enjoyment of smart phones.This research has to be done to maintain and to hike up the usage and sales. This research could be helpful to industry and users of all smart phones technology based industries. In this research, 250 questionnaires will be passed to SEGI college student to answer and the result will be analyzed using SPSS software. 4 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS TITLE PAGE PAGE NUMBER 1 PROJECT REPORT CERTIFICATION 2 ACKNOWLEDGEME NT 3 ABSTRACT 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 5 LIST OF TABLES 8 LIST OF DIAGRAMS 9 CHAPTER1 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 1. 1. 5 1. 6 1. 7 INTRODUCTION Background of Study Problem statement Motivation of Study Research Objectives Research Questions Hypotheses Significance of study 10 11 12 12 12 13 13 13 5 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 1. 8 1. 9 Structure of Dissertation Summary 14 15 CHAPTER 2 2. 0 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 2. 5 2. 6 2. 7 Literature Review Introduction Satisfaction Usefulness Understandability Enjoyment Ease of use Conceptual Framework Summary 16 16 16 17 19 21 23 25 25 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3. 0 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3 3. 4 3. 5 3. 6 3. 7 3. 8 3. 9 3. A Introduction Research Design Research Methodology Questionnaire Design Sample Sampling Frame Data collection Method Statistical technique Pilot test Limitation Summary 26 27 27 28 30 31 31 32 33 34 34 6 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS 4. 1 4. 2 4 . 3 4. 4 4. 5 4. 6 Introduction Rate of Response Demographic Details Factor Analysis Regression Summary 35 35 35 35 41 50 51 CHAPTER 5 5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 5. 4 5. 5 APPENDIX REFERENCES ETHICAL CONCLUSION Introduction Conclusion Recommendation Reflection Summary 52 52 52 52 53 54 55 65 69 7A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS LIST OF TABLES TABLE Table 3. 8. 1 Table 3. 8. 2 Table 4. 2. 1 Table 4. 2. 2 Table 4. 3. 1 Table 4. 3. 2 Table 4. 3. 3 Table 4. 3. 4 Table 4. 3. 5 Table 4. 4. 1 Table 4. 4. 2 Table 4. 4. 3 Table 4. 4. 4 Table 4. 5 DESCRIPTION Case Processing Summary Reliability Statistics Case Processing Summary Reliability Statistics Gender Education Field of study Brand Age analysis Correlation for Usefulness Correlation for Understandability Correlation for Enjoyment Correlation for Ease of Use Regression PAGE NUMBER 33 33 35 35 36 37 39 39 41 43 44 47 49 51 8A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS LIST OF DIAG RAMS DIAGRAM 4. 3. 1 4. 3. 2 4. 3. 4 4. 3. 5 DESCRIPTION Gender Education Field of Study Brand PAGE NUMBER 37 39 41 42 9 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION This chapter discusses the background of study, Problem statement, motivation of study, research objective, research question, hypotheses, significance of study, and structure of dissertation. 1. 1 – Background of study In this world where rapid is not a word and when technology is no longer a luxury but a necessity.It is really important for the manufacturer to come up with innovative idea to match new technological world. Smartphone is expected to be a conqueror in mobile phones world as the user of Smartphone application is growing day by day. The reason smart phone is so influential is because of its functions. As example, wireless internet connection, interactivity, mobility and flexibility, which also potential to new mobile application. Currently , the usage of cell phones has raised up rapidly and a drastic change over past decade. Smart phones currently are used to enhance social relationships.And they have change due to time and advancement of technology. A study shows that 43% of Australian and 17% of Malaysian are using smartphone and that number is increasing rapidly (Ellis 2011). Some of examples of smartphones are the iPhone by Apple Inc, Galaxy series by Samsung, blackberry, HTC and many more. Smart phones are designed in an utmost way where their functions and features would match the needs of their users in these case are students. Smartphones function as both mobile communication devices and computers, and allow people to use them to connect to the internet. It’s expected that internet-capable mobile devices will be the most common way for people to access the internet by 2013? (Ellis 2011) 10 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS According to an industry review by The I nsight Research Corporation (IRC) the Asia-Pacific region has had a compound annual growth rate of 17. 9 percent over the past decade, buoyed by China and India. There are over 800 million cell phone subscribers today in China alone. (Anusha Sethuraman, May 6, 2011). Moreover, dependence on social relationships, the technologies are improved to suit people’s desire and needs.These ever improving technologies tend to change the lifestyle and habits of their users who would demand for more improvements. The foregoing process would be cyclic and would not end unless other new technologies are developed and replace the original technologies. Thus, when publishing changes, society will also change. Global sales are ramping up too. By the second quarter of 2011 mobile phone sales to end users totaled 325. 6 million units, a 13. 8 percent increase from the same period in 2010, according to Garner, Inc. Of these sales, 19 percent were accounted for by smart phones.To catch up these f igures it is really vital to build satisfaction among users. (Mark Brownlow, April 2012) it is expected a certain matter would make user to continue support thus, sustain in the business. 11 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 1. 2 – Problem statement Although, the usage of smartphone is widely accepted in Malaysian lifestyle, there a still UN-satisfy people who still have a doubt in using a smartphone, and people who using one don’t realize all this expect in their life.This research believed to help to boost the usage of smartphones and company who manufacturing improve in times to come. 1. 3 – Motivation of study The purpose of this research is to investigate the key factors that determine the satisfaction of smart phone among students in Malaysia. In other word, determinants of students will be studied using four factors, Perceived usefulness, perceived understandability, perceived enjoyment, and perceived ease of use. S imply the Motivation of the study is to understand the need of users which determining their satisfaction. . 4 – Research objectives: (R01) : To identify the factors that drives satisfaction to use the Smartphone applications, (R02) : To identify whether understandability on smart phones will effect satisfaction (R03) : To identify whether easy of using the smart phones will effect satisfaction (R04) : To identify whether enjoyment of using Smart phones effect satisfaction 12 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 1. 5 – Research question: (RQ1) : Does the usefulness of smart phones will lead to satisfaction? RQ2) : Does understandability on smart phones will effect satisfaction? (RQ3) : Does handiness of using smart phones effect satisfaction? (RQ4) : Does enjoyment plays main a role in satisfaction in smart phones? 1. 6 – Hypothesis: H1a: usefulness has impact on satisfaction H1b: understandability has impact on satisfaction H1c: enjoyment has impact on satisfaction H1d: ease of using has impact on Satisfaction 1. 7 – Significance of study: To improve users and industry of smart phone, this research will open up bigger scope of knowledge regarding smart phones and their usage.It will be particularly be beneficial for future telecommunication companies and phone makes. They can work together to provide better service in rapidly changing world. 13 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 1. 8 – Structure of Dissertation There are five chapters discussed in this study. Chapter one is the introduction where the background of smartphones is explained briefly, followed by the problem statement of the dissertation, the research aim and objectives, the scope of this study, and also the contribution of this study.In chapter two of this study, secondary sources are used to collect the information on determinants which make students satisfy with their smartphones. The critical points of this study are reviewed using the findings in the journal articles theoretically. This chapter is meant to update the user of this study with the related literatures of this research and also as a guide for future studies. Chapter three of this research is the research methodology. In this chapter, the research design and methodology are discussed. Also the purpose and design of the survey instrument which is the questionnaires has been explained.The conceptual framework, pilot testing, data collection method, sample used for this study, data analysis, and also the limitation of research methodology has been explained. Next in chapter four the data analysis results are discussed. The data gained from the survey are analyzed using the SPSS software. The findings on the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable were tested along with the hypotheses. Finally chapter five of this study is focused on the conclusion and recommendations o f this study.Relevant tables and diagram has also been included in this research for easier understanding of the user of this study. 14 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 1. 9 – Summary In conclusion, as above the background, Problem statement, motivation, objectives, questions, hypotheses and significance has been identified for the research. 15 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 0 – Introduction This chapter discusses literature review, summary and conceptual framework.That related to research. 2. 1 – Satisfaction In 1965’s Rolling stones famed with a song called Satisfaction, which goes I can't get no satisfaction, I can't get no satisfaction, ‘Cause I try and I try and I try and I try I can't get no, I can't get no. that portrays perfectly and speaks about human nature. Although it just a song lyric, it raise a question what exactly is s atisfaction they also speaks of difficulties an individual might face from trying try to get satisfaction from consumption, usage, institution, government and relationship. (Richard, 2010) According to oxford ictionaries defined satisfaction as fulfillment of one’s wishes, expectations, or needs, or the pleasure derived from it. Satisfaction is derived from Latin Satis, where it means (enough) and Facere means (to do or make). It can be taken as a product or service where one makes a point to say enough I am fulfilled. Customer satisfaction can be precisely defined as psychological state which happen when emotion of surrounding disconfirmed expectation is combined with the consumer’s feelings about the experience before and present. (Richard, 1981) 16 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTSThe user satisfaction which is student in this case is really important because it relate to other important variables. This often proved as a succe ss on how a determinant relate with the satisfactions. This will unconsciously lead to success, sustainability, intention to buy more, and customer loyalty. It is important factor to remember also that a consumer who satisfied will have a continuous expectation and to meet it up is a challenge for any business. (Liao c, 2009) and satisfaction is really vital for students as their heart can change so fast according to circumstances. 2. – Usefulness In this rapid changing world, it is hard to sustain the interest of students for one certain thing. For example: if smartphones are not as needed by student they might switch to notepad and so on. So it is really important for any smart phone producer to pack their stuff which can still keep the flame. Usefulness is rooted back from the word useful which means capable of doing or achieving something positive that brings advantage (Macmillan Dictionary, 2011). It goes same to the smart phones usefulness if the usefulness is significa nt there is chance it can create satisfaction if a particular task could be done. Hsi-Peng Lu, Philip Yu-Jen Su, 2009) A user will believe that a system has a positive use-performance relationship if the system has high perceived usefulness (Davis, 1989). 17 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS Other than that, a smart phones study that is based on 7,275 smart phone customer experiences, found that smart phone users who access social media sites like Facebook and Twitter through their mobile device report a 783 satisfaction rating. This is about 22 points higher than those who do not access social networks on their smart phones.This shows the usefulness do impact the satisfaction (Daily tech. com, 2012). In other research by Hsi-Peng Lu, and Philip Yu-Jen Su, 2009 stated that value has significant value is on customer satisfaction. It also state that value is at heart of what consumers needs from business. (Babin et al. , 1994) In other research it been said as new world emerging there will be a difference in education design too. Learning design is perceived as a lifelong journey of learning and continues education. This is not simple, as learning environment also has to take into account.It is difficult matter where learner and technologies come together, in both party must come together and adapt their framework. Nevertheless organizations and students should know mobile learning is really essential and it is one form of satisfaction where everything can be done anywhere. (Ana Dias, 2012) Lastly, it’s great to see how many uses a smartphones can provide a student, Mobile map, satellite view, Wikipedia items, cultural events, photos sharing, parking places, movies, restaurants, social media, It can also be said world is in a palm.All this necessity that smartphone met create satisfaction not only with students but even working adults. (Martijn Pannevis, 2007) 18 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTP HONES AMONG STUDENTS 2. 3 – Understandability Understandability is an act where user knows how to use particular applications and knows the elements of smart phones. In a July 2011 Modapt Inc Morrissey & Company conducted an online survey focused on the mobile Web experience. People like using their smart phones to obtain information, but are often frustrated by trying to navigate clumsy user interfaces and download data.And the result shows in that understandability do plays vital role in satisfaction. (Seybold report, 2011) And another Malaysian report stated that understandability do make a differences in creating satisfaction. It stated that men are more indulge in gaming and accessories which can be really fast frustrated if they can’t understand the system works which cause less satisfaction. (Mohd Azam Osman, 2011) In another study behavior of certain user is taken into account. The main one is Anxiety it is refer as negative emotions in cognitive states. These emotions evoke actual or imaginary interactions with mobile using.Igbaria,Iivari (1995, p. 593) goes on to say, person who experience high level anxiety are more fond to behave rigidly then person who have low. In short, people are expected to be relax and avoid any kind feelings that invoke anxious (Compeau and Higgins, 1995), especially when they operating smartphones. On the other hand person who understand and comfortable are more likely to feel satisfy. As an example, when the customers are in payment processes, they worry about pressing the wrong buttons on the so much app and buttons, thus losing money. In other word negative emotions may come from imagination or physical experiences.Number of previous studies found that 19 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS anxiety had a significantly negative influence on information system adoption (Compeau et al. , 1999; McFarland and Hamilton, 2006). In another study handling and understanding smart phone refers to individual assessment of their ability to perform a specific task while using their smart phone. Several studies have found that emotions can constraint people from performing skillfully. In other words people who feel anxiety gives a negative effect on one are perceived understandability thus, creating dissatisfaction (Compeau et al. 1999; Fagan et al. , 2003). Several researchers examined that the greater the user understand and capability belief will lead to the greater the user’s intrinsic motivation (Compeau and Higgins, 1995; Deng et al. , 2004). In addition, a person can also have believes, that an action surely has a reaction, but if a person has entertain serious doubts about whether they can perform the necessary activities. Information about outcomes does not influence of their behavior, it is also necessary to understand the impact of one’s perceived level of skillfulness, under stability on the expectations of the smart phones (1977, p. 93 ) 20 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 2. 4 – Enjoyment In this current age Smartphones are playing a vital role in society. Application as touch and voice activated or, multiple apps have been developed for various purposes, catering work and enjoyment. Apps allow a person to shop, read, play games, listen music, send and share information, photos and stay virtually connected with all of our family and friends.The available apps that been cater for use is extends beyond of the limits of our imagination, which most also use smartphones as mindless distraction to idle time away. (Lynn, 2012) The effect of enjoyment/ fun could not be overruled in smart phone using especially for students. Different concepts have been used to explain the importance of student emotions in adoption of smart phones Fun (Pagani, 2004) Enjoyment (Curran and Meuter, 2007), and Perceived Enjoyment (Nysveen, 2005), According to Kim (2008) enjoyment is a very impor tant predictor of the adoption of smartphone.This opinion agreed by (Fang et al, 2005) who found the perceived fun influences student and customers’ attitude but only for gaming tasks. Meanwhile, the effect of fun was found not to be so important for general and important business task. (Bruner, 2005) continue to say that fun is positively influenced by ease of use and that has been even more important effect on the attitude toward the act that usefulness. This opinion have been supported by (Curran, 2007) who says enjoyment is more important than utility. 21 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTSIn other research, when it comes to banking context (Hong et al, 2008) experimented smartphones usage and came to conclusion that enjoyment plays a big part in attitude towards the context using of smart phones information services and entertainment services. In addition, (Dabholkar, 2002) continue to say enjoyment can be said that fun can be foreru nner to attitude. In same meaning (Verkasalo, 2008) says that enjoyment has a clear positive effect on attitude towards usage of smartphones, as tested ranging from e-mailing to instant messaging.Besides that, (Nysveen et al, 2005) portrayed that enjoyment is a vital determinant which can create satisfaction of users especially students in using smart phones. The report goes on to say that enjoyment is really strong determinant of intentions to use for female than males (Pagani, 2004) In addition, (Pagani, 2004) create a model where enjoyment is a really an important factor towards satisfaction in using smart phones. Moreover, for students it is really vital to have enjoyment in life. 22 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 2. Ease of use In this current world, time become so limited where people using time as good as possible, due to that, students have very high urge for convenience where they are able to use their smartphones any time, any pla ce (Genova, 2010). Since there are great revival in mobile revolution, the smart phones is now portable, it is tied to individuals not one place (Holub et al, 2010). In (Lu, 2009) report says that consumers can perform smartphones transaction in very bizarre circumstances which have severe time constraints, such as, waiting for friend or waiting for traffic unlike eskstop and laptop place in home or one certain place. This indirectly makes users to become highly dependent on smartphones to get information’s, by browsing and clicking to access their smartphones wherever they are such as, relax at home, travel overseas and so on (Genova, 2010). According to (Stephen, 2009) normal mobile phone and laptops is included for consumer’s convenience and the functions increase the rate and satisfaction of the users especially students (Hahn, 2010). In other view, Social is very important factor in life, what is the use one has everything but don’t have a relationship.Acco rding to (Tikkanen, 2009) research Social needs interactions between individual, friends, family, group members as clubs, churches and so on. This needs certainly increases dependency on students and users on smartphones unconsciously gives satisfaction for users. It also allows user to be more versatile and increased usage for communication and maintaining relationships between and among individuals (Lippincott, 2010). 23 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTSAccording to (Wei, 2006) research, it been said that user who are using smartphones are high involved in social needs and people who are needed social dependence easily discovered. Since, interaction or social networking has been included in smartphones it brings a lot of changes in social hike up (Morgan, 2010). The norm of keeping in touch with existing group of friends and contact especially students, create a chance for them to meet offline and encourages more engagement with peers and co me up with beneficial idea of organizing charity and so on.Social network such twitter and Facebook pave ways for students to engage in activity as such (Raskin, 2006). Smart phones encourage users especially students to satisfy their needs, and they are able to connect with peers through social networking sites any time anywhere, which create satisfaction for students (Bridges et al, 2010). It can be said that smartphones are really vital and important mediator between satisfaction and ease of use everywhere and anytime (Wei, 2006). 24 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS . 6 – Conceptual Frameworks Usefulness Understandability Students’ Satisfaction Enjoyment Ease of Use 2. 7 – Summary This chapter comprises of usefulness, understandability, enjoyment and ease of use of smart phones towards satisfaction and it believed and proved the independent variable and dependent variable goes in hand in hand. It also contains conceptu al framework to support. And literature reviews do support positively towards the research proposed. 25 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTSCHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 3. 0 – Introduction Research methodology can be said as searching for knowledge and it is narrowed down to a certain topic, subject and title using a scientific and systematic manner. it is a way to solve problem systematically (Dr. Kothari, 2008). The main purpose why the research has been done is to determine whether the factors are affecting the satisfaction of smartphones among students. In order to test the hypothesis mentioned in chapter 2: literature review, a set of self-administered questions were developed.The main objective of this research is to study the students’ perception towards smartphones satisfaction, the targeted population would be mainly those students in SEGI University who using smartphones. This chapter discusses the samples, sampling frame, data collection methods and statistical techniques 26 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 3. 1 – Research Design Research design is basically about how this research have been done, its plan or structure which involves identifying the problem, then gather data’s and lastly analyze and gain results there are lot of type of design to the research.Researcher have chosen the cross sectional design which involves to collect a collection of data on more than one case at one particular time frame. This is to collect a group of quantitative or quantifiable data related with variables. Where, researcher uses to analyze, understand the relationships and pattern. 250 questionnaire forms were collected from respondents via convenience method and snowball method. This study is only utilized quantitative research design. Researcher will analyze the score and result to know whether the variables do match the satisfaction for smart phones users. . 2 â €“ Research Methodology Research methodology is basically about the method researcher used, either qualitative or quantitative. In this research quantitative been used, Quantitative method is a about group of data been collected using inferential approach which means the survey is based research where certain amount of sample of population is used to conduct the survey. This research uses questionnaires and the usually the information gained will be similar as it is been standardized.This is because every respondent who participate in this research are required to answer the same exact question. The survey data was collected using online survey tool which is ‘Google document, and also through paper handouts. 27 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 3. 3 – Questionnaire design The survey instrument used in this research is questionnaires where about two hundred (sets of questionnaire have been distributed to students in SEGI Univer sity and all the people in my Facebook friend list all over Klang Valley to get their responds accordingly.The questionnaires are to analyze and research few main factors which can effect satisfaction of smartphones among students: 1) Usefulness 2) Understandability 3) Enjoyment 4) Ease of use 5) Satisfaction In this questionnaire there are two section named as 1 and 2. The 1 section is mainly about demographic details which are designed to collect information on demographic details. (I. e. Gender, Age, highest qualification, smart phones brand). On the other hand, the second section is factor analysis. In this section there are 5 divisions which consist of usefulness, understandability, enjoyment, ease of use and satisfaction.The first division is usefulness. This division is created to measure the This usefulness of smartphones towards satisfaction as per respondents view. division has four statements that address this. Respondents were asked to rate the 28 A STUDY ON THE DETERMIN ANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS agreement on a five point scale ranging from strongly agree (1) to strongly disagree (5) The second division is Understandability. This division is created to measure the understandability towards satisfaction.This division has four statements that address this. Respondents were asked to rate the agreement on a five point scale ranging from strongly agree (1) to strongly disagree (5) The third division is enjoyment. This division is created to measure the enjoyment towards satisfaction. This division has four statements that address this. Respondents were asked to rate the agreement on a five point scale ranging from strongly agree (1) to strongly disagree (5) The fourth division is Ease of Use. This division is created to measure the ease of use towards satisfaction.This division has four statements that address this. Respondents were asked to rate the agreement on a five point scale ranging from strongly agree (1) to strongly disa gree (5) The fifth division is satisfaction. This division is created to measure the overall satisfaction on smart phones from the respondents. This division has three statements and one statement will be chosen. 29 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 3. 4 -Samples The method that been performed is quantitative research method. As in this case survey.Cross sectional survey is done to gather information about usefulness, ease of use, enjoyment and understandability towards satisfaction among smart phones user. Below are criteria of potential sample. 1) Inclusion criteria a) Students aged between 19 and 25 years old in SEGI College in Malaysia were included. b) Students who are able to read and write in English language. c) Students with smart phones 2) Exclusion criteria a) Only students are allowed to participate in this research. b) Students who are unable to read and write in English language. c) Students who don’t own Smart phones. 0 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 3. 5 – Sampling frame A total of two hundred fifty (250) questionnaires been distributed to the students within SEGI College as for data collection; in order to measure the respondents in different aspects to reach my research objective. The sampling method that is used is non-probability method. On-probability sampling can be narrowed down to two methods which are: convenience, snowball sampling (Babbie, 2010). As for this study, convenience sampling is used as it is easy to perform. 3. – Data collection methods Primary data type is used where questionnaires survey is done for data collection. Once all data is gathered, it been analyzed according to the objective of this research. Other than that, operationalization can be used as way to measure too as it defined where the variable is measured by explaining the process of defining each variable, as guidance in order to make consistent measurement s. (Le Roy, 2008). This research sampling was conducted in SEGI University for Data collection, due to time, distance and communication barriers, it was not practical to conduct the survey in large scale.A total of two-hundred and fifty (250) sets of questionnaires were distributed through online and also handouts, however only about two-hundred (200) responses were received. 31 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 3. 7 – Statistical techniques Questionnaires which have been collected after answered had been analyzed using SPSS analysis. This software is computer based software which is designed specifically for statistical analysis. In this software there are two models which are linear and no linear where linear model can make accurate analysis and reliable conclusion.Meanwhile, non- linear model is to improve the accuracy of prediction made. This SPSS software can run two tests first multiple regressions and simple regression compare me ans and reliability of the research. As for this study, IBM SPSS Statistic version 20. 0 is used to code and analyze the collected data. Respondents were questioned on the factors that determine their satisfaction on smart phones. A descriptive statistics that includes simple frequencies means and also percentages were computed using the demographic details from the respondents (i. e. gender, age and qualification), system.Moreover to test the hypothesis for each factor, statistical method such as Correlation was used. 32 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 3. 8 – Pilot Test Pilot test is considered as an experiment in small scale to check the questionnaire reliability and validity for bigger scale. This test usually will be performed to identify the problem with materials and methods, so it can be corrected before proceeding. Pilot test is an important test to feasibility and usefulness of the research method used to collect information. As for this Research, (20) sets of questionnaire been distributed to check the reliability and validity of prepared question. The data have been collected and analyses using reliability test to indicate the reliability and validity of the question and below are the result for section 2: part 1 – part 5 Pilot test / Reliability Table 3. 8. 1 – Case Processing Summary N Valid Cases Excluded a Total 20 0 20 % 100. 0 . 0 100. 0 a. List wise deletion based on all variables in the procedure. Table 3. 8. 2 – Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha . 976 N of Items 17 33 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTSThe table above 3. 8. 1 till 3. 8. 2 shows that there are really good internal consistency. The rate of 0. 976 in table 3. 8. 2 proved that this questionnaire is reliable enough to use these items to conduct the survey. 3. 9 – Limitation There are a lot of limitations, in this research one of it is the title is too narrow, i t is only for students. Since the respondents are full of students it makes enjoyment and entertainment looked as much more important than any other variables. It’s believed those different age groups have a different kind of importance and likeness.Time constraint, as this is the final semester and there a four other exam and assignment besides this research makes it harder. Besides that, there are limitations in respondents answer as well; this is because respondents might not answer the question honestly as they might have this attitude of reluctance to reveal certain information that might be personal. Respondents are more likely to manipulate their answers to look smart, just be nice by providing a positive answer or afraid being judge by researcher for their answer. This is certainly will be not reliable for the research.Besides that, people who don’t use smartphones also became a limitation as it’s hard to classify them. Other than that, respondents might not have the time for answering the questionnaire as they are rushing for their own agenda. 3. 9 A Summary In nutshell, this chapter comprises of Introduction, samples, sampling frame, data collection and statistical analysis. This has to be done to perform the research. 34 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS 4. 1 – Introduction This chapter is about analyzing, rate of response, reliability, demographic details and Factor analysis. . 2 – Rate of Response Off the 250 questionnaires that were distributed, 50 of the surveys were deemed invalid due to incomplete questionnaire. By the end of the study, 200 questionnaires were completed and used for analysis purposes, for a response rate of 80% Table 4. 2. 1 Reliability for 200 sets Case Processing Summary N Valid Cases Excluded a Total 200 0 200 % 100. 0 . 0 100. 0 a. List wise deletion based on all variables in the procedure. Tabel 4. 2. 2 Reliability Statisti cs Cronbach's Alpha . 976 N of Items 17 35 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS . 3 – Demographic details Table 4. 3. 1 Gender: Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Male 80 40. 0 60. 0 100. 0 40. 0 60. 0 100. 0 40. 0 100. 0 Valid Female 120 Total 200 Diagram 4. 3. 1 Gender 36 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS The percentage rate of male students’ respondents and female students’ respondents are 40% (80) participants and 60% (120) respectively. This shows that there are more female respondents for this study compare to male respondents, which can also indicate that there are more female smart phone user than male users.Table 4. 3. 2. Education: Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent SPM STPM 30 10 15. 0 5. 0 5. 0 25. 0 50. 0 100. 0 15. 0 5. 0 5. 0 25. 0 50. 0 100. 0 15. 0 20. 0 25. 0 50. 0 100. 0 A- Level 10 Valid Diploma 50 Degree Total 100 200 37 A STUDY ON TH E DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS Diagram 4. 3. 2 Education In education you can see As for the highest qualification, the students with a Bachelor Degree shows the highest rate of 50 % which can mean that they will affect the largest part of the research compare to the other students.Those with a secondary level education show a rate of only 20%, whereas those with certificate / A-Levels / Foundation or equivalent and Diploma / Equivalent show a rate of 5% and 25% respectively. This also can mean that students with higher qualification are more aware and satisfy with the smartphones they have. 38 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS Table 4. 3. 3 Field of study Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Business 60 30. 0 70. 0 100. 0 30. 0 70. 0 100. 0 30. 0 100. 0 Valid Non-Business 140 Total 200 39 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTSDiagram 4. 3. 4 Meanwhile, Field of stu dy separated between business and Non business it shows 70% of participants are 70% and 30% were Business students. Table 4. 3. 4 Brand Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent 15. 0 20. 0 30. 0 65. 0 80. 0 100. 0 Iphone Blackberry HTC Valid Samsung Nokia Sony Erricson Total 30 10 20 70 30 40 200 15. 0 5. 0 10. 0 35. 0 15. 0 20. 0 100. 0 15. 0 5. 0 10. 0 35. 0 15. 0 20. 0 100. 0 40 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS Diagram 4. 3. 5 Brand As for brand, a total of seven types of phone brands were given.The first highest is Samsung with 35% second will be Sony Erricson with 20%. The third will be I phone and Nokia which share 15% respectively fourth HTC with 10% and lastly blackberry with 5%. 41 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 4. 3. 5 Age analysis Descriptive Statistics N Age Range Minimum Maximum Mean 18. 00 30. 00 Std. Deviation 200 12. 00 22. 1000 2. 70678 Valid N (listwise) 200 As for age, th e minimum is 18 and maximum will be 30 and all of them are students. 4. 4 – Factor analysis Abbreviation used: Usefulness = U, Understandability = UD, Enjoyment = E, Ease of use = EU, Satisfaction = S 4. . 1 Findings and analysis of the relationship between perceived usefulness and satisfaction of smart phones among students. In this section of study, the relationship between the perceived usefulness and satisfaction of smart phones among students is determined to confirm the following hypotheses: H1: There is no significant relationship between perceived usefulness and satisfaction H2: There is a significant relationship between perceived usefulness and satisfaction In order to analyze the relationship between usefulness and satisfaction of smartphones among students, the correlations test was carried out. 2 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS Correlations Average_U Pearson 1 Correlation Average_U Sig. (2-tailed) N Pearson . 462** Correl ation Average_Satisfaction Sig. (2-tailed) . 000 N 200 200 1 200 . 000 200 . 462** Average_Satisfaction **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (2-tailed). Table 4. 4. 1: Correlation test on the relationship between the perceived usefulness and satisfaction of smart phones among students. The correlation test was used to determine the significance of hypotheses.The results are presented as above. The p-values of 0. 000 and 0. 000 shows that usefulness and satisfaction on smart phones among students are related, the test shows a relationship between usefulness and satisfaction on smart phones among students. Therefore hypothesis H1 is rejected since hypothesis H2 is proved to be accepted as there is a significant relationship between usefulness and satisfaction on Smartphones among students. 43 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 4. 4. Findings and analysis of the relationship between understandability and satisfaction of smart phones a mong students In this section of study, the relationship between the understandability and satisfaction of smart phones among students is determined to confirm the following hypotheses: H1: There is no significant relationship between understandability and satisfaction H2: There is a significant relationship between understandability and satisfaction In order to analyze the relationship between understandability and satisfaction of smartphones among students, the correlations test was carried out Correlations Average_Satisfaction Pearson 1 Correlation Average_Satisfaction Sig. (2-tailed) N Pearson . 718** Correlation Average_UD Sig. (2-tailed) N . 000 200 200 1 200 . 000 200 Average_UD . 718** **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (2-tailed). Table 4. 4. : Correlation test on the relationship between the understandability and satisfaction of smart phones among students. 44 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS The correlation test was used to determine the significance of hypotheses. The results are presented as above. The p-values of 0. 000 and 0. 000 shows that understandability and satisfaction on smart phones among students are related, the test shows a relationship between understandability and satisfaction on smart phones among students. Therefore hypothesis H1 is rejected since hypothesis H2 is proved to be accepted as there is a significant relationship between understandability and satisfaction on Smartphones among students. 4. 4. Findings and analysis of the relationship between enjoyment and satisfaction of smart phones among students In this section of study, the relationship between the enjoyment and satisfaction of smart phones among students is determined to confirm the following hypotheses: H1: There is no significant relationship between enjoyment and satisfaction H2: There is a significant relationship between enjoyment and satisfaction In order to analyze the relationship between enjoyment and satisfaction of smartphones among students, the correlations test was carried out 45 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS Correlations Average_Satisfaction Pearson 1 Correlation Average_Satisfaction Sig. (2-tailed) N Pearson . 756** Correlation Average_E Sig. (2-tailed) N . 000 200 200 1 200 . 000 200 . 756** Average_E **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (2-tailed). Table 4. 4. 3: Correlation test on the relationship between the enjoyment and satisfaction of smart phones among students.The correlation test was used to determine the significance of hypotheses. The results are presented as above. The p-values of 0. 000 and 0. 000 shows that enjoyment and satisfaction on smart phones among students are related, the test shows a relationship between enjoyment and satisfaction on smart phones among students. Therefore hypothesis H1 is rejected since hypothesis H2 is proved to be accepted as there is a significant relationship between enj oyment and satisfaction on Smartphones among students. 46 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 4. 4. 4 Findings and analysis of the relationship between ease of use and satisfaction of smart phones among studentsIn this section of study, the relationship between the ease of use and satisfaction of smart phones among students is determined to confirm the following hypotheses: H1: There is no significant relationship between ease of use and satisfaction H2: There is a significant relationship between ease of use and satisfaction In order to analyze the relationship between ease of use and satisfaction of smartphones among students, the correlations test was carried out 47 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS Correlations Average Satisfaction Pearson 1 Correlation Average_Satisfaction Sig. (2-tailed) N Pearson . 865** Correlation Average_EU Sig. (2-tailed) N . 000 200 200 1 200 . 000 200 . 865** Average_EU **. Co rrelation is significant at the 0. 1 level (2-tailed). Table 4. 4. 4: Correlation test on the relationship between the understandability and satisfaction of smart phones among students. The correlation test was used to determine the significance of hypotheses. The results are presented as above. The p-values of 0. 000 and 0. 000 shows that ease of use and satisfaction on smart phones among students are related, the test shows a relationship between ease of use and satisfaction on smart phones among students. Therefore hypothesis H1 is rejected since hypothesis H2 is proved to be accepted as there is a significant relationship between ease of use and satisfaction on Smartphones among students. 48A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 4. 5 Regression: To find out the strongest and most influenced determinant to attain satisfaction, a regression test is used. This linear regression in the table below shows that, ease of use have a high R value compare to other variable which is 0. 865. It also means that ease of use plays a vital role in satisfaction among students. 49 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS Correlations Average Averag _Satisfac e_U tion Average_Satisfaction Pearso Average_U n Average_UD Correlat Average_E ion Average_EU Average_Satisfaction Average_U Sig. 1Average_UD tailed) Average_E Average_EU Average_Satisfaction Average_U N Average_UD Average_E Average_EU . 000 . 000 200 200 200 200 200 . 000 . 000 200 200 200 200 200 . 000 . 000 200 200 200 200 200 . .000 200 200 200 200 200 . 000 . 200 200 200 200 200 . 000 . 000 . .000 . 000 . 865 . .000 . 769 . 000 . .910 . 000 . 000 . 908 . 000 . 000 1. 000 . 000 . 000 . 756 . 840 . 938 1. 000 . 908 . 718 . 853 1. 000 . 938 . 910 . 462 1. 000 . 853 . 840 . 769 1. 000 . 462 . 718 . 756 . 865 Average _UD Averag e_E Average _EU Table 4. 5 50 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 4. 6 Summary These chapt ers consisted of rate of response, reliability test, test on demographic and factor analysis. 51A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS CHAPTER 5 – CONCLUSION 5. 1 – Introduction This chapter includes Conclusion, recommendation and Reflection. 5. 2 – Conclusion The purpose of this study is to investigate the determinants of satisfaction on smart phones among students. There are four factors used in this study to find out whether it can obtain satisfaction towards the students. This research were extracted from various existing articles which are perceived usefulness of smartphones, perceived enjoyment that smartphones provide, perceived understandability, perceived ease of use towards satisfaction of smartphones among students.Based on the survey done on the four determinants towards satisfaction, the result shows a significant relationship between all of them, which conclude that, this, four determinant is important for satisfa ction on smartphones among students. 5. 3 – Recommendation In this research, targeted samples were taken randomly from people who research see, and know. Therefore in future researcher may expand their research throughout Malaysia bigger sample size from all kind of class as from students to working adults should be taken for much bigger picture Secondly, this research is focused on determinant of satisfaction among students so in future researcher can study in detailed the other factors which can help to raise satisfaction.Lastly, a detailed research on the comparison between the users and non-users of smart phones can be done to determine the image and expectancy of users. 52 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 5. 4 – Reflection Reflection basically means the act of reflecting or the state of being reflected, it can be also telling out what a researcher have gone through for months he takes up this research. Researchers have take n up the title Determinant of satisfaction of smart phones among students. This is because researcher had a deep interest in smart phones and always had a curiosity how to get to know and expand the knowledge in this section.This research personally have enlighten researcher in and out of smartphones through the reading of articles, it also have enlighten researcher with social perception and motive of users. The process of undertaking the project dint deviates in any way compare to proposal. Researchers have planned earlier for proposal itself and it just needed to expand it. Supervisor was really helpful in a way to gives more ideas to expand the literature reviews and matter which comes with it. The only thing that deviates from proposal is more word counts and vast information on smartphones. Researchers have included more information’s on satisfaction and its relevance to users, business and corporate who might use it. Research project have a certain process and flow pro cess as follows.Firstly, Identification of research problem is to determine the determinants to attain satisfaction in this process researcher learned that it is important to identify the problem in a situation. Secondly, problem and statement objective, in this process researcher learn to state the problem and objective of certain problem not only think about it. Thirdly, research question, in this process learn to ask a proper and relevant question for the problem to get a conclusion. Fourthly, literature review in this process researcher learn to use previous or past examples that related to the problem as reference and move in to the goal. Fifthly, quantitative research 53 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS ethods, in this process researcher have learned to find a proper channel to calculate and analyze the problems. Sixthly, survey instruments, in this process researcher have learn to communicate to users or people who related to study wit hout being ask a lot of wrong questions. A proper questionnaire is a good answer. Seventhly, pilot test, in this process researcher have learn that even been assumed a proper question have been readied mistakes are there, correction is needed for perfection. Next, data collection, in this process researcher have learn that there a lot of way to communicate with person and media and surveys are one and relevant. Lastly, data analysis, in this researcher learned that there are always results for good or bad.And in this research it is good. There are a lot of limitations in this research, one of the main one is limitation on topic to student, the reason why researcher find this can be limitation is because, students are mostly prone to enjoyment and playing games, this might be a big change in the research perception. If in future researcher want to differently, researcher may expand the sample size to more than 500 samples and researcher would increase the class size from students to many other classes. This study can be helpful for all phones industry and it’s easier to get a large picture of users’ needs in smartphones and sustainability of smartphone industry. 5. – Summary These chapters have included Conclusion, Recommendation and Reflection. 54 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS APPENDIX A: GANTT CHART OF RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 2012 Activities /Month Research details Coordination with Relevant agencies and Parties Literature Review Questionnaire Design Pilot Testing Revision of questionnaires Selection of respondents Administration of Survey Data Analysis Report Writing Dissemination of draft for discussion Dissemination Report of final Topic/relevant April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 55 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTSAPPENDIX B: QUESTIONNAIRES Hi, my name is Emmanuel A/L Panpalan (SCM-013826), currently studying Bachelor of Accounting and Finance of Te esside University in SEGi University, Kota Damansara. I am conducting a research project to fulfill requirements for my Final year Thesis. The research is STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS. Your individual response will be kept private and confidential. My report will reveal group findings for academic presentations and publications only. Your participation in this study will contribute further to the field of communication in Malaysia. Thank you for participating in this research project.Background Instruction: Answer all questions Section 1 1. Gender: Male / Female 2. Age ______ 3. What is the highest education level you have completed? (Tick one only) o SPM o STPM o A-Level o Diploma 56 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS o Degree o Post-graduate 4. What is your major field of study? o Business o Non Business 5. What brand of smart phone do you use (Tick one only) o iPhone o Blackberry o HTC o Samsung o N okia o LG o Sony Ericsson 57 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS Answer all questions Section 2 Factor Analysis Circle the number in the box provided for most appropriate response.Only ONE number needs to be circled for each question. Please answer ALL the questions in SECTION 2 according to the scale as below: Strongly Disagree†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Disagree†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 Neutral†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Agree†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Strongly Agree†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1 1. USEFULLNESS Find the Smartphone application useful 5 in my daily life Using the Smartphone application helps 5 me accomplish things more quickly Using the my Smartphone chances of application 5 achieving 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 improves things I find important I think App store provide the useful 5 4 3 2 1 58 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS Smartphone applications 2.UNDERSTABILITY App store clearly provides the classified 5 smart phone application menu App store provides detailed information 5 about the smart phone application App store provides detailed manual 5 about the smart phone application App store provides detailed information 5 about the smart phone application 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 function 3. ENJOYMENT I think it is fun to use Smartphone 5 application 4 3 2 1 I think the process of using Smartphone 5 application would be pleasant I think using Smartphone application 5 would bring me pleasure I enjoy using Smartphone application 5 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 59 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTS 4.EASE OF USE My interaction with the Smartphone 5 application is clear and understandable Interaction with the Smartphone 5 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 application does not require a lot of my mental effort I find it easy to get the Smart phone 5 application to do what I want it to do I find the Smartphone application to be 5 easy to use 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 5. SATISFACTION My overall experience of Smartphone 5 application use was very satisfied. 4 3 2 1 ###END### Thank you very much for your participation If you have any additional thoughts, suggestions, questions, or comments, feel free to contact me via email at [email  protected] com 60 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SATISFACTION ON SMARTPHONES AMONG STUDENTSREFERENCES 1) Hun Choi, Yoo-Jung Choi and Ki-Mun Kim 2012 The Understanding of Building Trust Model on Smartphone Application: Focusing on Users’ Motivation, Viewed 3 October 2012 2) Mark Brownlow, (2012) Smartphone statistics and market share, http://www. email-marketing-reports. com/wireless-mobile/smartphone-statistics. htm Viewed 3 October 2012 3) Anusha Sethuraman, (2011) US Smart phones statistics, http://www. smartonline. com/mobile-2/us-smartphone-statistics-q1-2011-overview/ Viewed on 4 October 2 012 4) Gordon Adams, (2004) Smart phones evaluation, http://inews. berkeley. edu/bcc/Fall2004/smartphones. html, Viewed on October 4, 2012 5) Report withiPhone,http://www. dailytech. om/Apple+Tops+JD+Power+Customer+Satisfactio n+Report+with+iPhone/article22684. htm, Viewed October 1, 2012 5:23 6) Ding Hooi Ting, Suet Fong Lim, Tanusina Siuly Patanmacia, Ca Gie Low, Gay Tiffany Kaiser, (2011) Apple Tops J. 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